Perfect Harmony Between Nature and Technology: Nanoparticle Production via Biosynthesis

Abstract

Nanoparticles, ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, are materials frequently utilized in environmental applications, biomedicine, and medicine. These particles can be synthesized in various sizes and shapes through physical, chemical, and biological means. However, nanoparticle synthesis through physical and chemical methods tends to be highly harmful and toxic to nature and living organisms. Research into plant and microorganism-based nanoparticle synthesis via biological routes has gained significant importance in reducing the usage of toxic chemicals. The properties and stability of nanoparticles obtained from biological materials during biosynthesis can vary depending on the organism or conditions employed. The synthesis of nanoparticles through biological materials, known as green synthesis, is generally safer than synthetically produced nanoparticles. Moreover, utilizing plant waste for synthesis provides significant commercial advantages. This review presents the principles of green synthesis, its application areas, ongoing research, and its advantages and disadvantages.