Assesment of Graphene Nanoparticles as an Additive in Biodiesel: A Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach

Abstract

The transition toward sustainable energy sources has accelerated research into biodiesel as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Recent studies have examined the use of nanomaterial additives—particularly graphene—to improve the performance and emissions of biodiesel blends. This study evaluates graphene-enhanced biodiesel-diesel blends using performance and emission data collected from the literature. Six Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods—TOPSIS, COPRAS, MAIRCA, MOORA, MAUT, and MOOSRA—were applied to rank the blends based on various criteria. The final ranking was obtained using the BORDA aggregation method. Results indicate that the B20G90 blend consistently outperformed others, offering a favorable balance between efficiency and emissions. The study demonstrates the applicability of integrated MCDM techniques for systematic, data-driven evaluation of alternative fuel blends.